Chapter 2 audio · Language Landscapes
What the narration leaves to the page: the epigraph, the figures, and the sources.
These are not spoken. They belong with the transcript so a reader has what the narration leaves out.
The chapter opens with six lines from Samantha Nock's poem “pahpowin.” Following the treatment agreed for the Kazim Ali epigraph in Chapter 1, the poem stays in the written material and is not narrated.
• **Figure 2.1, Track gauge.** Described in T03. The two measurements are spoken.
• **Figure 2.2, the hotdog comic**, from *Existential Comics* by Corey Mohler. Named in G04 and reproduced in the written material. Not described panel by panel.
• **Figure 2.3, Colorless green ideas.** An illustration accompanying the example. Not described; the examples themselves carry the argument.
• **Figure 2.4, the two suitcases.** Described in X07, because the listener has to be able to answer the question.
• **Figure 2.5, Relationship among groups of English speakers.** Described in MO3. The figure is drawn in TikZ and is not to scale; the description says so.
Retained in writing, with the narration naming authors where the argument depends on attribution and leaving bibliographic detail here.
• Samantha Nock, “pahpowin” (2019), for the epigraph.
• George Eliot, *Middlemarch* (1872), for the slang conversation.
• Peter Trudgill (1999), on what Standard English is not.
• *The New International Version* (2011), Judges 12:4, for the shibboleth passage.
• P. H. Matthews, *The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics* (2003), s.v. “grammatical.”
• Noam Chomsky, *Syntactic Structures* (2002 edition), page 16, for the colorless green ideas examples and the remark about statistical models.
• Fernando Pereira (2000), on the relative probability of the two green-ideas strings.
• Kallini and colleagues (2024), on language models and statistical regularity.
• Huddleston and Pullum, *The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language* (2002), page 561, for the repeated-adjective rule; first noted by W. C. Watt (1968).
• Thomas Bever (1971), for “The horse raced past the barn fell.”
• Miwa Nishimura (1995), page 179, for the code-switching passage.
• Noam Chomsky (1981), *Lectures on Government and Binding*, for the principles-and-parameters claim named in MO7.
• Geoffrey Pullum (2019), page 205, for the normative examples.
• Rezaei and colleagues (2019), on learners aiming at Standard English.
• Vivian Cook (1999), page 194, for the quotation in N06.